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Frontiers of Brain Science, day two

July 8th, 2015

Our second day at the Kavli Science Journalism Workshop took us deeper into the mysteries of the brain. (Note that this post, as with the post on Day One, is quasi-transcription, not journalism.)

The brain creates special dilemmas for journalists; what could matter more for human existence than the brain itself? Yet during this two-day workshop it came out that most of what we know about how it works is speculation. When the specialists don’t understand things, it leads us to focus on their disagreements, which satisfies only those who like fights.

We got to see conflict starting with our first speaker, Rebecca Saxe, a star neuroscientist at MIT. She’s got a joyfulness about her research that makes her fun to listen to, and she’s young and energetic and sprinkled her talk with nice bits of trivia. As with faces, every brain is unique, she informed us, and she keeps a library of her graduate students’ brain scans. Cortex means ‘bark’ in Latin, which makes sense, though I hadn’t thought of the cortex as the bark of the brain. Saxe, though she looks cherubic, is darkly funny. “I tell my students, if they’re biking, to wear a helmet or a spike, because general brain damage is not useful, but specific brain damage is useful.”

That focus on specificity made Saxe the foil to our speaker at the end of day one, Lisa Barrett Feldman. Feldman argued that the brain does not have specific spots that deal with emotions. Saxe almost immediately began talking about how the amygdala was the center of emotional salience. Saxe called herself sympathetic to ‘essentialism,’ in this context the idea that a part of the brain is essential to a certain function, as is her teacher and mentor, Nancy Kanwisher. (see some of her talks on the brain here), who spends her research times looking at specific things the brain does.

In Saxe’s favor are some well-established aspects of the brain. We know that people who have suffered brain damage might lose just one function, the ability to use numbers, for instance. Saxe herself has been involved in research that places the right temporal parietal junction, the place just above the right ear where the right temporal and parietal lobes meet, as a source for theory of mind, our ability to recognize that we and others have minds (Saxe dubbed it “thinking about thoughts”).

“It is just the weirdest idea,” Saxe said, that theory of mind would have a specific place in the brain. But after 15 years of trying to disprove this idea, she grudgingly accepts it, and speculates that either thinking about what other people are thinking was so evolutionarily important that a region of the brain developed for it, or that we spend so much time doing it that, as with reading, a part of the brain became dedicated to it.

It seemed to me that both Feldman Barrett and Saxe could be right: emotions could trigger places across our brains, while specific things like eyesight and motor coordination are rooted in one place.

It’s no surprise scholars disagree. Saxe told us how there’s heated debate in the academic world about why human three year olds usually fail the False Belief test, where we expect other people know what we know about an event, and why five year olds usually pass this test [here is a link to the portion of Saxe’s TED talk on the False Belief test, which she also showed us].

Maybe it’s the stage where a new evolutionary development takes place in our brain, or perhaps it’s just a very difficult task and we need time to learn it. This dispute is partly why Saxe studies cortical development. It interests her, she told us, because “it’s the part of the brain that changes the most evolutionarily, changes the most after the birth of a child and it’s the most disputed part of the brain about where its organization comes from.”

I will note, anecdotally, that people can continue to fail the False Belief test even as adults. Game theory banks on people developing false beliefs. My spouse and I often think the other knows what we know about some event involving the kids, for instance, but of course we do not.

Clearly, something happens in the brain between three and five for us to develop a theory of mind. But Saxe said it is difficult for neuroscientists to test hypotheses about the neuro underpinnings of theory of mind, because three-year-olds can’t read and can’t lie still for the 15 or more minutes needed to make a usable brain scan.
I liked a side path Saxe took about the crisis in FMRI. FMRI works by averaging the flow of blood across regions of the brain. It does not give you specific reads on a specific place in the brain. You could not look at a specific voxel, an area of about a 100,000 neurons. But then multivoxel analysis was developed, which let scientist look at the patterns in the brain more precisely. They could see differences in the patterns of blood flow activation in the brain. Saxe says this is giving a greater ability to see what is happening in the brain, and has salvaged FMRI technology.

Even so, Saxe let slip that this stuff is just “better than chance,” which I found a weak base for drawing important conclusions. Still, it has led to a study she submitted just last month that showed we can use scanners as effectively as regular psychological tests to distinguish between justified and unjustified beliefs in young children, the first time that MVPA has been applied to kids, she claimed (in part because kids are so hard to scan).

saxe-and-child-scan.jpg Saxe and child scanned…

Saxe said it was the first study that features adolescents being scanned. Afterwards, some of the gathered journalists expressed skepticism that she’s actually been able to get adolescents to lay in a scanner without moving for the hour and a quarter she says she needed. But Saxe swears it’s true, showed an image of kids being trained in play scanners, and described her methods for getting them to lay still, including having a dog for them to pet and a person constantly in attendance.  It will be interesting to see if someone can replicate this study.

It should be easier to replicate the work of our second speaker on day two, Josh Hartshorne, a young cognitive psychologist now teaching at Boston College.

Hartshorne uses massive online surveys to study how the brain develops over time, and he’s finding a different pattern than past research would suggest. Traditionally we expect to see a youthful peak across a wide range of brain functions and then a slow decline. That tradition is based on a slim set of data, most of which is not publicly available.

Hartshorne says the new data suggests a different range. For some things, it is true that our processing speed peaks young and then declines. This is most pronounced for digit symbols and for arranging pictures, both of which are measures of how fast one thinks. We peak at names between 20 and 24 (I remember amusing myself at parties by showing how many names I could remember after having met them just once, and reaching well past a dozen. I no longer would do well at that game.). But for a similar task, remembering faces, our peak is older, at 30 to 31. That is an odd disparity, Hartshorne says. Odder still is vocabulary. We continue learning new words into our 40s, say some studies, and into our early 50s, say others.

Hartshorne also talked about the Flynn effect – it surprised him that almost none of us knew what it was. Flynn noticed that IQ tests have to be renormed every 20 years or so, as average scores consistently rise above 100. Are we actually getting smarter generation by generation? Perhaps not – IQ tests measure only facets of intelligence. But obviously we get better at IQ tests. Some of that may reflect a culture becoming more scientific, since IQ tests measure what people need to be good at science, not general intellect. Hartshorne’s assertion that  for several centuries western cultures have been moving more towards scientific thinking feels broadly correct, given the Enlightenment and its descendants, the Industrial and Information Revolutions.

Even in the era of television, loathed by intellectuals for its passivity, we see a smartening. Hartshorne pointed to the seminal sitcom, I Love Lucy, which focused for 30 minutes on the development of one plot. There was no subplot , no other threads. Now we expect three to four plots in a 30-minute show (it could be that TV writers have just gotten better at reflecting what we’ve always been good at).

One important thing the Flynn effect suggests: the brain can be trained, over time. That may mean that brain games might actually work to make our brains better. It also might bode well for the re-skilling we’re going to need as our existing jobs morph and disappear.

At least, that’s the hope. As Hartshorne put it, “I can’t tell you the new theory, we don’t know.  This is one of the most exciting times to be a scientist, when old paradigms fall apart and something’s coming and we don’t know what it is.” If he’s right, history books will point back.

Hartshorne reminded us that the goal of scientists is not to be right, it’s to be less wrong. That is a good thing for journalist to keep in mind, but runs exactly counter to our typical story line, at least in technology journalism.
After lunch is the worst time to speak, but our post-lunch speaker, Bobby Kasthuri, was such a showman nobody would fall asleep. He has been mapping the brain. To be specific, he has built a map of about 1 billionth of a mouse brain, a nanometer by a nanometer by a nanometer. Still, it’s a start,  and some day that may help us understand a good deal more of the way the brain works.

Kasthuri was endearingly outlandish. “We are post-genomic compared to animals,” he said, meaning we can grow and think of things that he said are surely beyond our genome. He said this was possibly also true for some other animals, potentially primates, that they share information beyond their genomic needs. “For us it seems to be more the rule than the exception. The vast majority of things we do in a day are probably not encoded in our genome,” Kasthuri said.

A big thought. I mentioned this to another speaker later on, who thought it a silly thing for Kasthuri to say. But it was fun to hear and it kept us awake!

Kasthuri is a raging idealist. He quoted John F. Kennedy’s “We choose to go to the moon” speech to describe why he wants to map that other uncharted territory, the brain. He conveniently left out that Kennedy’s soaring rhetoric was largely driven by the need to best the Soviets, not by a desire for knowledge. But if you’re trying to inspire people, best to cite JFK’s loftiness, not his underlying moral cynicism. Coincidentally, I’m reading John Irving’s A Prayer for Owen Meany, and am at the part of the novel where Meany has gone from inspired by Kennedy to disillusioned by Kennedy [warning: Owen Meany speaks and writes in all caps, which becomes normal during a 600-page novel but is jarring otherwise]:

“I THOUGHT KENNEDY WAS A MORALIST. BUT HE WAS JUST GIVING US A SNOW JOB, HE WAS JUST BEING A GOOD SEDUCER. I THOUGHT HE WAS A SAVIOR. I THOUGHT HE WANTED TO USE HIS POWER TO DO GOOD. BUT PEOPLE WILL SAY AND DO ANYTHING JUST TO GET THE POWER, THEN THEY’LL USE THE POWER JUST TO GET A THRILL.’  (pp. 436-437)

Anyway, Kasthuri is probably more of a moralist than Kennedy. Kasthuri is mapping the brain because he thinks, like Freud, that anatomy is destiny. Freud, being Freud, was talking about our genitalia, but Kasthuri is more high-minded. Puns aside, the contention is if we understand the structure of the brain, it will tell us things about who we are and why we do what we do. He introduced us to Santiago Ramon y Cajal, “the Einstein of neuroanatomists.” Cajal was the first to show the brain was not one big cell but made up of many, many cells.

Kasthuri thinks the brain prunes those cells radically over time, one reason why adult brains are so much less plastic than the brains of children. He argued that if he and his pre-teen daughter were dropped into a foreign culture, his daughter would adapt well, he would not.

Kasthuri conjectured that once we can map the brain, we may find that the brains of schizophrenics don’t grow up in the same way as other brains, that they will look a good deal like youth brains. Children, he notes, have imaginary friends and hear voices in their heads, and no one calls them crazy.

But right now, he says, we are pre-Copernican. We don’t have the instruments we need to prove our theories. And we need new instruments to navigate the brain, with its 100 trillion neurons and 1 quadrillion connections. That’s 10 times the stars in the Milky Way galaxy. By the way, the map of the brain he hopes to make will be 1 zettabyte, or 1 billion gigabytes of data. For comparison, through 1999, the sum of all information produced by humans was about .012 zettabytes. he’s hoping to start a brain observatory that anyone can apply to use, like astrophysicists and telescopes.
The final speaker was Van Wedeen, a Harvard radiologist. Wedeen says the structure of the brain is the least well understood part of the body. “The shoulder joint, the eyeball, the wing of a bird, have wonderful engineering explanations. For the brain it appears we almost don’t know where to start.” he said.

Wedeen paid us the ultimate compliment of talking to us like we were advanced medical researchers. That meant a huge portion of his talk was above my head (a cliché, true, but it just means things couldn’t sink into my brain).

Wedeen’s own work has shown that the brain has unexpected connections. We would think it would transmit things in waves. Instead, it sends information, signals, along interconnected grids. These grids should not share surfaces; they are three dimensional, yet his work shows they do share two dimensional surfaces.

The rest I can’t really put in context; it is my challenge now to learn things like what he means when he talks about the orthogonal brain, and why humanity’s most important structure seems to communicate so improperly.

The other thing I’m grappling with is how the brain is its own frontier, one we know almost less about than that supposedly final frontier, space. The brain in its way is the last bastion of individualism. Will some future Frederick Jackson Turner find that once we chart it, it hems us in?

Michael Massing thinks you’re bland and boring

June 26th, 2015

Michael Massing is assessing and mostly assailing digital journalism in a three-part series he’s writing for the New York Review of Books. Apparently he has things exactly right, because although he’s gone after the biggest names in digital journalism, from Arianna Huffington’s Post to Buzzfeed to Vox, they are not fighting back. Maybe they are too busy laughing their way to the bank to care about a mere media critic, writing for a publication that believes people should pay for it.

I went through the second piece, Digital Journalism: The Next Generation and summarize it like so:

Michael Massing just put a dart into the head of digital journalism. He looked at “The Next Generation” and found that it isn’t measuring up. Here is the list of points he makes:

  • It does nothing innovative. Blinded by Buzzfeed, digital journalism is not breaking any new ground in reporting. Maybe presentation is better than it was, but so what?
  • It is afraid of offending people, especially advertisers. Hard to believe, given the amount of trolling that goes on out there, the vitriol and vituperativeness of commenting. But stories lack bite, and important topics get shunned in favor of cute stuff.
  • People are not a platform. Despite much adulation for Nate Silver, Ezra Klein and other journalists qua celebrities, the sites they left (the New York Times, the Washington Post) are doing better without them than vice versa. Newsletters are not news.
  • Digital media mumbles to itself. There are great vertical sites for almost every topic, but the only people who read them are fanatics. Their great reporting goes into a void.
  • The big experiments have failed. Longform and citizen journalism, hailed as thrilling new forms of content driven by the internet, have turned into mush. Toxic, angry mush.
  • Digital media wishes everything went viral. But almost nothing does. No one can predict what will go viral. And if they tell you they can do it, they’re lying.
  • New York is the only place that matters in the entire world. Journalism in the U.S. has always paid obeisance to New York, but digital journalism is even more parochial. Freed from geographic constraints of broadcast signals and newspaper delivery regions, digital media have flocked to New York. Desperate for scale and national advertisers, the digital media world is “clubby, inbred.”

Massing ends by saying that despite all the money going into online journalism, the best journalism still happens at The Washington Post, The Guardian, The New York Times. His irony is unhappy:

These organizations are commonly referred to as “legacy” institutions – a gently derisive term that lumps them in with Blockbuster and Radio Shack as enterprises that, once thriving, were undermined by more innovative startups. When it comes to actual journalist practice, however, it’s the media startups that in general seem the laggards.

I though this evisceration of digital journalism would evoke outrage on line, with strong defenses of the medium marshaled by the likes of Jeff Jarvis and Jay Rosen. I would at least think they would argue that The Times and the Post have better patrons than Vox and its ilk, and give it time. Or that these old school publications only thrive because they have given themselves over, finally, to digital journalism. Instead, I’m seeing a few sighs on Twitter and that’s about it.

I think Massing makes many good points, and it could take some time to rebut him effectively.  I agree with a lot of what he says and am not interested in mounting a serious rebuttal. But silence? From the Web?
Here’s the first piece, largely focused on The Huffington Post, Talking Points Memo and other blog pioneers that have stagnated. Plus a shout out for Politico.

Frontiers of Brain Science, day one

June 16th, 2015

I spent Thursday and Friday at a conference on the brain, Frontiers of Brain Science, sponsored by the Knight Science Foundation at MIT and the Kavli Foundation. Our host, Wade Roush, interim director of the Knight Science Journalism Fellowships, called the question of how the brain, a three-pound globe of water, nerve fibers, fatty acids and blood vessels, can form human consciousness one of the great unsolved mysteries of science.

I’ve parsed my notes from day one in this post. This is blurt, not synthesis. I hope not to misrepresent any of the ideas put forth, but please be aware that I have not fact-checked or sought independent verification for what was presented. This is straight chronology of the speakers, too; again, I am not synthesizing this into some news-like article (though if I were, I’d give it some variation of the old Star Trek tag: “Brain: The final frontier,” or “Scientists confess brain baffles them, but at least they still have jobs”).

We started with a look at a brain disorder. Autism researcher Helen Tager-Flusberg of Boston University has spent a decade trying to figure out how to diagnose autism earlier. Though children with autism can show signs of the disorder as young as one, diagnosis usually doesn’t happen until they are five or older; spotting it earlier would mean treatment more quickly, maybe when the brain is at its most plastic, and intervention presumably would have the most impact. Tager-Flusberg and her colleagues thought altered language development might be a key early diagnostic tool.

They thought wrong. Of the children they’ve studied, 70 percent who developed autism also acquired language skills. They have been studying younger siblings of kids with autism, who are considered high risk for also developing autism.

Being wrong is valuable for researchers, even if frustrating. It means language development is no longer a core symptom of autism. That means parents shouldn’t feel concerned about their children not beginning to babble at six months (she said they shouldn’t largely because babies don’t usually start to babble until 7.5 months). They should focus more on repetitive behavior or changes in social smiles and eye gaze after six months.

But even those aren’t conclusive. “You can’t just take a snapshot at a point in time and say whether they will develop autism,” she said.

Autism remains a mystery. “We don’t even know what the right stories are to be followed,” Tager-Flusberg said.

Treatment also remains vexing. “We have no drugs that do anything for autism,” she said. One issue is that while families with autistic children would love to be able to have their kids take a drug, it’s difficult to get them to sign up for trials. Drugs come with side effects. Autism drugs would alter infant brain development in unpredictable ways. That’s a big step for parents to take at an age where kids really can’t be effectively diagnosed. Tager-Flusberg thinks it unlikely that we will develop a simple predictive test, or if we will, “it’s beyond my lifetime.”

“Manage behavior. That’s all we have,” she said. She said behavior management can be very effective, but noted the obvious: it’s hard work.

In answer to some of our questions, she noted that autism diagnoses may be increasing in part because of a market substitution effect: insurers will pay for autism treatments, but not for many other kinds of behavioral disorders. She also said the modern educational focus on group work is worrisome. She said autism was unfamiliar to her as a child (also to me as someone born in 1964; I suspect I’m at least a decade younger than she is), but she can think of two boys in her elementary school who definitely had autism. “But they did perfectly fine in our elementary school,” she said. In part, she thinks that’s because no one had to work in groups. In contrast, she said “today if you don’t want to work with a group you are immediately shunted off to the school psychologist.”

Our second talk was on creating common sense AI, and could you reverse engineer it to create better artificial intelligence programs. The speaker was Josh Tenenbaum, part of the Center for Brains, Minds and Machines.

Tenenbaum started by pointing out that the brain is not a computer, while acknowledging “it’s by far the best metaphor we have.” It’s fun to listen to someone who just loves playing with ideas. He spent more time talking about other people than his own work. And he wanted us to understand that modern artificial intelligence is in a way just a symbol, an abstraction, hearkening back to Artistotle and the formalizing of logic. He had, in fact, a slide of symbolic logicians that went from Aristotle to modern AI. One of the photos of Alonzo Church, who developed the Lambda calculus, a simple universal abstraction formula useful for software development. Tenenbaum put Church forth as the Alan Turing of software. “A Turing machine is a universal piece of hardware, and Church did it for software,” Tenenbaum said. I don’t remember running across Church before, though I must have; Wikipedia says he taught philosophy and math at Princeton and UCLA. (He was a life-long Presbyterian, too, meaning Church attended.)

Tenenbaum also took us through early childhood development research, which offers a possible way to develop more efficient machine learning algorithms, and was just fun to learn about. One effort he highlighted was the never-ending language learner. You can help train it here (it needs some help; it felt 100 percent confident that Helsinki University of Technology was a sports team).

He told us to code if we wanted to write about neuroscience and computer science. He also said that for good insights on how the mind works we should read this recent New Yorker article on the forthcoming video game No Man’s Sky. (I have just started it and can’t say I see the connection one page in.) The video game story ties in with his own work because he’s trying to reverse engineer how the brain processes images and use it to create better predictive algorithms for computer vision programs. (See this report on a recent Tenenbaum co-authored paper on probabilistic programming.)

He also addressed the controversy over AI and whether it’s actually dangerous. While AI is very visible right now, thanks to things like IBM’s Watson, Google’s pagerank, Facebook photo tagging, self-driving cars, and Amazon’s recommendation engine, he said, “none of them are really intelligent. These systems are fragile, and it’s easy to get past the limits of their intelligence.”

I couldn’t help thinking about how frequently I hear of how many kinds of knowledge-work jobs are being automated, creating a sense that there might not be valid work for man people in the future. It’s hard to reconcile that with Tenenbaum’s assertion that “as an engineer I think we have to realize that the ways our brains and minds work…far exceed what computers can do.”

I found myself thinking that the stuff computers can’t be programmed to do often doesn’t pay well, or only pays well for freaks of nature or outliers, people with the right combination of skills and intangibles to be professional athletes or singers or CEOs (apologies to JP Morgan, who despised CEOs as functionaries).

Perhaps when the mundane can be automated, more humans will find themselves free to create things that stimulate, sustain and satisfy.

Our third speaker took the baton from Tenenbaum. Tomaso Poggio talked about what makes intelligence, and whether computer programs that can do things like beat humans at Atari game or add vision to cars are in fact intelligent. He seemed to think not, telling us they don’t do a good job with things almost any human can do, like read an expression on someone’s face and tell you what they are thinking, or easily identify objects like hats.

Poggio works on machine vision. I challenged him on whether vision is a facet of intelligence. Congenitally blind people still have intellects, I argued. He said vision and motor control are both very old and fundamental systems in the brain, and both represent a form of human intelligence. If we can understand these very old systems, it will help us understand how other parts of the cortex work.

That chart showed that computers are bettering humans at things like: Numerical computation, accounting, optimization, medical diagnostics, fight management, chess playing, loan approval, financial advice, trading, flight planning, search (Google vs. Yahoo, Google search is superhuman!) They are beginning to replace us at things like: piloting planes, driving a car, recognizing speech, answering English questions (Watson and Jeopardy) translating from one language to another, playing games. Endangered jobs include psychologists, economists, financial advisers and taxi drivers. But the unrest probably won’t start here. He thinks China, where thousands of human workers are being replaced by machines, may be ground zero for unrest over our automated future.

Want to tell your kids what to become? Gardeners, athletes, cooks, handyman/plumbers, good butlers and, fortunately for Poggio, scientists and engineers.

AI, it seems, will overwhelm most professions. But on the plus side, it could create smarter, more useful objects, better group decision making and help cure mental disease. I guess that means we’ll be unemployed, but not clinically depressed about it.

He had a few good pieces of trivia. The human brain has about as many neurons as the brains of 1 million flies, and it takes 100 milliseconds for light to go from our eyes to the visual cortex at the back of our brains. He also said neurons have much higher connectivity than transistors. There are three or four wires that come out of a transistor, thousand of ‘wires’ from a neuron. But neurons are slower, moving at 1 millisecond, or 1 kilohertz, versus a gigahertz for transistors.

Our final speaker from day one was Lisa Feldman Barrett, a professor at Northeastern. Her goal was to take on the idea that emotions ‘live’ in certain parts of the brain, a version of “Essentialism,” or form fits function. The amygdala, for instance, is seen as the area of the brain that determines fear, and the insula disgust. She says this is not true, that there are core networks for emotion running across the brain.

In doing so, she also took on Charles Darwin himself. In 1872 he published The Expression of The Emotions in Man and Animals, a book Barrett called the Essentialist Bible, though it directly contradicts Darwin’s own The Origin of Species. The poet Ruth Padel (Darwin’s great-great-granddaughter) used these lines in her poem Muscle at the Corner of the Mouth: “He lays it out in sections like the segments of a worm. ‘The links are wonderful which connect effect with cause.’ Anger, painting cells of the skin with scarlet…”

I have never thought of Darwin as a leading figure in cognitive psychology, and I made a flippant remark that nobody else had either. Flip remarks often flop, and this one certainly did. One of the other attendees tweeted me a link showing the book had been cited 11,000 times in scholarly papers.

That’s what Barrett’s theory is up against. She’s also up against Hollywood. She argues the new movie Inside Out is purely Essentialism, and purely wrong. Instead, Barrett argues that specific parts of the brain do not control specific emotions. She’s reviewed more than 400 papers from the last five years. Among her findings are that while the amygdala is activated during fear, but, said Barrett, “only 30% of experiments showed more activity (than you’d expect by chance), not what you’d expect if it is the home of fear.”

In fact, she said the amygdala activates for almost every type of task you can scan a brain for.

She had a number of other examples, but the Kuhnian metapoint was clear: she’s arguing that we need to see a paradigm shift.

Thus concluded the formal part of day one.

Dumber in the city?

June 2nd, 2015

Writers never actually own what they write, no matter who holds copyright. Once people engage with your material, it becomes theirs, too. That message came home to me recently when I wrote about a business pitch competition in Roxbury. Personally, I wouldn’t call Roxbury a ghetto, but it is about as inner-city as Boston gets, less than 10 percent white, with some of the stereotypical problems we associate with lower-income urban neighborhoods, including higher crime rates than in many of Boston’s other neighborhoods.

This pitch event, then, was a chance to highlight a different side of Roxbury, which has seen new businesses opening and a new kind of civic energy and engagement. The pitch event featured minority entrepreneurs from the area, most from Smarter in the City, a high tech accelerator in Roxbury’s Dudley Square. I wrote a piece that was a bit whimsical, not taking the straight news approach so much as trying to capture its unique aspects. Pitch competitions or demo days happen in many places, of course, but the famous ones are usually in posh offices or at elite business schools. The people in attendance are mostly white and mostly male, and many of them are rich. This one was in Hibernian Hall, a nicely renovated office building in Dudley Square. Most of the attendees were African-Americans. It was organized by the Bay State Banner, a respected black newspaper.

My piece, and the photos I took for it, titled Pitching Startups Roxbury Style: Apps, Bodyguards and More, highlighted some of the things that were different. One thing being that several of the startups were oriented towards the African-American or urban youth markets. Some are skeptical that accelerators can make a difference in these kinds of neighborhoods, though I think looking for markets at the edges of the economy is a stroke of brilliance.
I’m not African-American, so I wanted to be careful not to play to stereotypes, or reinforce them. At least a couple of readers think I failed. They didn’t like my kicker, which focused on a joke made by one of the winners. Perhaps I could have made it clearer that he was joking (he himself told me he didn’t mind what I’d written, though some of his friends weren’t clear that he was  joking). I thought it captured something about his presence of mind and poise. I also got a lecture about referring to things like the bulls-eye logo of one of the companies. While it obviously reinforces a negative stereotype of violence in Black neighborhoods, I pointed out that the judges of the competition raised the same question, which was why it made the story. It is not my job to hide things, I explained, and I think the differences between this event and one at a place like the Cambridge Innovation Center may have something to say about whether these entrepreneurs make a go of it.

The Bay State Banner’s piece certainly played it straighter. Judge for yourself.

Digital media is a bugle

June 1st, 2015

I was involved in an online debate about the sale of Re/code, a tech site made prominent by its founders, Wall Street Journal star technology columnists Walt Mossberg and Kara Swisher. The gist of the argument was that if these two big-deal technology columnists had to sell, so soon after GigaOm went out of business, what did it mean for the rest of the big tech verticals?

 

Maybe nothing. Matthew Ingram, set adrift by GigaOm’s closure then picked up by Fortune, describes online media as a barbell, where the bells are targeted, small sites and very large sites. Sites like Re/code are in the bar, the valley of death, as Ingram called it. It’s an update of the classic ‘crossing the chasm’ argument: they hoped technology’s seeming pervasiveness would attract steep growth in its audience, and it didn’t.

 

There was much hand-wringing in the debate over what Re/code’s failure meant for journalism. Re/code, of course, was not doing general interest reporting, but journalists like Mossberg and Swisher are exceptionally prominent for technology writers. If they can’t scale, the argument went, who can? It was a bit like watching the journalistic parallel to Alfred Lambert (The Corrections) looking at his railroad, seeing a profession falling apart and looted when it might have been saved. But issues at Re/code and GigaOm look to me more localized.

 

GigaOm built a large staff over eight years and ultimately appears to have been unable to sustain it through revenues. Re/code looks like it was on the verge of doing the same. It has a staff of 39, 26 of whom are editorial (including Mossberg and Swisher). It had 1.5 million unique visitors, which sounds large, but means little when it is people popping in to read an occasional story. Compare Re/code to its savior, Vox Media, which has 150 million unique visitors across its array of media sites. I have no doubt Mossberg and Swisher could have sustained their business with a smaller staff, though it might have been just the two of them and some support for their conference business.

Maybe they felt they needed to compete in technology news with the Journal, which in the wake of its 2013 split with Mossberg and Swisher went out and hired 20 more reporters to augment its already substantial technology staff. But the Journal has existing administrative support and a very large audience, plus subscription revenues to sustain itself.

 

Things may work out fine for Mossberg and Swisher and their staff; Vox bought their outfit for stock (pre-IPO, investor-set value), and it is trying to sell itself to Comcast for a rich payday (here’s a look at the weirdly incestuous connections between Vox Media, Re/code, and Comcast).


Comcast must ask itself whether Vox’s 150 million monthly visitors provide a meaningful audience. That sounds on its face naive; how could 150 million monthly visitors not mean something valuable?

 

Because digital media is not a barbell; it’s a bugle. There’s a very long, convoluted leadpipe filled with niche companies, flaring out into a bell. If you’re going to build an advertising-driven media business, you need to be in the bell. And that probably means getting to the scale of Twitter or Facebook. That didn’t used to be true. In 1999, when I was at ZDNet, we were a top 15 web site, and we weren’t the biggest media site. Now look at the top 15 Web sites: Google, YouTube (owned by Google), Facebook, Yahoo, Amazon.com — the list is all search, social media, software  and e-commerce. WordPress, a distribution platform, is 15th. It has 240 million unique monthly visitors. If these top 15 Web sites comprise the bell, it means all traditional media are in the leadpipe. The leadpipe is a niche business. You can be newsletter niche, a small shop like Re/code, or The Wirecutter, or you can be super niche like The New York Times. Either way, you lack the scale to compete in a mass advertising market with the likes of Facebook. Maybe you can get people to pay you for your content, because people will pay for some types of content, among them politics (because government makes up a vast percentage of spending around the globe) and business (the subscription is a business expense). Putting politics into an economic frame is why The Economist can charge so much ($130 a year in the U.S.). Some of the debate I was part of centered on whether Politico was stupid to set up state operations. Going in to state markets is smart; there’s an established business model that supports subscription services like the State House News Service. These can make a tidy profit. As long as Politico doesn’t overspend, if it can dislodge those that exist, it should be able to make money off going local.

We journalists have to recognize that no matter how big we are, on the Web we are in the wrong part of the bugle. If we don’t, it’s Taps for us.

Evermore, at The Poe Museum

April 28th, 2015

Lots of places claim Edgar Allan Poe. He was born in Boston in 1809, was orphaned and brought up by a wealthy family in Richmond, effectively his foster parents, the Allans. After He lived at various points in Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York, and he was on a trip home to New York in 1849 when he died, in Baltimore. He’s probably the most famous drop out from the University of Virginia (but it was rare to attend college or even high school in the early 1800s).

Edgar Allan Poe and me  Richmond is the place where he spent the most time, about a third of his life. The Edgar Allan Poe museum there gives a great overview of his brief life and his work. I was fortunate to tour it, not least because I was in Richmond in 2013 for a Society of Professional Journalists’ training, and the museum’s curator graciously opened the museum for my group after hours. (I originally wrote these notes up in Evernote on a trip to Panama more than a year ago, but Evernote lost them and I didn’t get around to re-writing them until now).

The Poe Museum has the twin bed he slept in when he lived with the Allans, a staircase from his house, and the half-chair he used at his first job, as editor of the Southern Literary Messenger, based at 15th and Main in Richmond (the building is still there). The publisher of the magazine believed that chairs with full backs made for lazy writers. You can see it, along with his desk, at the picture to the right, taken from the Museum’s web site.Despite his famously sallow face in the picture most of us know, taken not long before his death, he was a popular young man, average height, a good athlete who set a record in a Richmond swimming event that may never have been broken. He could swim, but he apparently could not hold a drink, ever, having apparently a near-allergic reaction to even small amounts of alcohol, a problem at a time when many people drank beer instead of water, because the beer was purified.

He had a kind of ramshackle life, often in love, usually disappointed. His financial affairs were as bad as his romantic ones, maybe worse, a preview of the life of most professional writers (Poe was one of the first Americans, perhaps the first, to try to make a living solely from writing). His death remains a mystery, which while seemingly fitting for a writer of creepy horror stories, would have angered him as a critic and a writer. He expected, and strived for, as I learned, works that led unerringly to a specific point or truth. This biographical essay from the Poetry Foundation gives more on his gifts, the controversy created by his petulance and provocative style, and his analytical approach to writing, one that underpins modern fiction and criticism.

The museum contains a first edition of his first book of short stories, many of his letters and journals, and a good representation of his work. The scope of his work impressed me. I thought of Poe as a pioneer of Gothic fiction, horror stories and as a decent poet. All true, but he really was a founder of the modern short story, more or less invented detective fiction and wrote some of the first science fiction, including stories with cyborgs, space travel and flying machines. He also may have been the first to propose something akin to the Big Bang (here’s a nice little piece on Poe’s Big Bang and cosmological ideas that I wish I had pitched). He was an important literary critic, and also was a Southern writer before there was a Southern school of writing. In his literary criticism he poked at the literary establishment of his day, which was largely based around Concord, Mass.

I loved that the Poe Museum has a garden with all the trees and flowers he mentioned in his writings. In daylight, and in season, it would have been fun to look at them and try to match them with the stories and poems. A love poem, “To One in Paradise,” hangs on one of the walls at the museum, describing the “dream too bright to last” of one his youthful affairs. His sorrowful status seems to inspire emotions in modern readers, as you can see from the bust below, which sits in the garden:

Bust of poe with a kiss on it

Net Neutrality, John Oliver and the future of news

April 9th, 2015

In What Reporters Need to Know About Covering Net Neutrality, I highlight some of the arguments around how reporters in any medium should cover hard topics with multiple angles.

As in almost all stories, things were cut from this. One point lost for space involved how the most pointed media coverage was against Net neutrality in 2010. That’s according to research from Zack Stiegler, an associate professor of communications media at Indiana University of Pennsylvania and editor of the book Regulating the Web. He and a colleague examined 16 mainstream media sources in print, radio and broadcast, and coverage was either neutral or characterized Net neutrality as government overreach.

What I didn’t get into much is whether reporters should be advocates. I cite, briefly, a Berkman Center media cloud showing who influenced what when it came to Net Neutrality. Not surprisingly, John Oliver’s now famous (or infamous) takedown of the cable business was the single most influential content produced on Net neutrality last year. He had impact most journalists wish they could have.

For all his influence, I was surprised to see Oliver’s YouTube clip received only 198 links. That seems like a tiny amount for something millions of people watched on YouTube. He had a lot of shares: 21,720 Tweets [see pages 24 and 26 of the report, Score Another One for the Internet]. Oliver’s video had the most links, but was only the fifth most Tweeted item.

Tweets have a lot more scale than links. Only four posts received 100 or more links. The top 10 Tweets all surpassed 10,000 shares. As an aside, I wonder what that suggests about Google’s PageRank algorithm; it doesn’t seem to have a whole lot of linking to work with.

For journalists, the link economy was the only place traditional media stories held their own with advocates and humorists. For tweets and other social media, balanced media stories were not as popular as advocacy journalism like that of The Verge or as the advocacy groups themselves. Official sources like the FCC and the White House were also popular on social media.

But journalism of any sort struggled to be noticed compared to Oliver and his ilk. Notable was The Verge, which had several of the top stories when measured by tweet shares. Then again, The Verge reads like it’s trying to be the Jon Stewart of tech news (or, to be higher-minded, like Lincoln Steffens, the great muckraker who openly provoked readers to advocate against government corruption).

As the report notes,

Parody and satire played a particularly strong role in communicating the issues, in promoting awareness, and in generating interest in a complex and highly technical issue. John Oliver, The Oatmeal, Funny or Die and College Humor were all popular touch points in the outreach campaign.

Must we all become purveyors of faux news to get people to pay attention to us? I’ll be convinced we must if John Oliver is able to make his latest campaign work. This time, he’s out to get people to overturn portions of The Patriot Act. Oliver even goes to Moscow to interview Edward Snowden, in an effort to try to get people to reach out against the renewal of the Patriot Act (things get really interesting around the 29 minute mark). If Oliver can do this, we traditional journalists may have to start working on our stand-up acts.